SOMERVILLE HASTINGS, a retired surgeon, has been a 
member of the L.C.C. Children's Committee since its 
inception in 1948. He was a Member of Parliament for many 
years and served on the Curtis Committee. 

PEGGY JAY is a member of the G.L.C. and the L.C.C. 
She has served on the L.C.C. Children's Committee for 
17 years and was a member of the Royal Commission on 
Population. She was one of the authors of the Fabian 
pamphlet The Ingleby Report. 

FABIAN TRACT 359 


NOTE.-This pamphlet, like all publications of the 
FABIAN SOCIETY, represents not the collective 
view of the Society but only the view of the individuals 
who prepared it. The responsibility of the 
Society is limited to approving the publicationswhich it issues as worthy of consideration within 
the Labour Movement. 

February, I965 



I. The Family Today 
T
T
HE family is the basic biological and social unit in the community. 
What in essence makes it irreplaceable and hence vital for child 
rearing, for mental health and for social well-being? Ten years after 
John Bowlby's pioneer work on the significance of a child's earlyrelationship with its mother, it becomes possible to re-assess manysocial policies. The family group when functioning well, alone provides 
the basic needs for a satisfactory childhood. The need for a close 
maternal relationship is met in a family setting because the mother, who 
is freed by the father's support from the need to earn a living, has time 
for the child and his care. The need for continuity in his life is met by 
the continuing relationship between his parents on which his home is 
based. His need for companionship, and learning to share the loved 
adult with others is met by the existence of brothers and sisters. It is no 
idle platitude to say that the family unit may best provide these basic 
needs of loving and being loved, of continuity and security and finally 
of companionship and competition. 
Frequently, however, this ideal is not fulfilled . Marital strife and 
breakdown, constant home moving, lack of security and even homelessness, 
the absence of brothers, sisters and grandparents, and even the 
absence of one parent, or a combination of one or all these situations 
can deprive a child of his birthright, sowing the seeds of a lifetime's 
unhappiness, to be repeated yet again in the next generation. It is the 
pattern of damaged and deprived personalities that social workers 
recognise as tending to repeat themselves, rather than the more soluble ? 
evils of physical impoverishment. ·-----------It 
is here that the social services must concentrate on their basic jobof preserving and protecting the family unit. An effective service of help 
to the family sees itself as preventive rather than curative, as a fence 
at the top of the precipice rather than an ambulance at the bottom. The 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

service must be easily and readily available to ordinary families in 
temporary trouble as well as to those whose problems are deeper seated 
and more intractable. The move must be on a broad front away from 
the rigidities and unrealities arising from a concentration on symptomsrather than causes. This system only too often ended in some form of 
institutional care following the collapse 'of the family. The need is 
toward a concept of personal needs met through a strengthening of 
family ties, which in their turn derive strength from the community on 
which they are based and from which they grow. 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

2. The Social Services 
I
I
T IS worthwhile, if depressing, to assess the personal Social Services, 
provided by both Local Authorities, and Central Government, by the 
measuring rod of the individual child's need for development within a 
family setting of his own. In the fields of Health, Housing, Education 
and Welfare, the last twenty years have seen advances which it would 
be ungrateful and unreal to overlook. Nevertheless on this standard of 
protecting the family and preserving the personal relationships on which 
it is based a tragic tale of failure is revealed. These failures at their least 
are minor, at their worst cause permanently damaged lives and quite 
unnecessary unhappiness. 

Health 

In the Health Service perhaps the most immediate example is the 
failure to make arrangements for parents to visit their children in 
hospital. In 1958 the Platt Committee recommended that all children's 
wards should have free visiting by parents, and that some accommodation 
should be available for mothers to live in the hospital if desired. Despite 
valiant work by a voluntary organisation, Mother Care for Children 
in Hospital, many hospitals still limit visiting to half an hour a day, 
and some new hospitals are actually being designed and built with no 
accommodation for mothers to live in. Recent Parliamentary Questions 
revealed a sad confusion as to what free visiting really meant. The 
ideal of mothers helping with the non-medical aspects of their children's 
care, and being present at the giving and recovering from anaesthetics, 
is still a far off goal in many districts. Those who have seen James 
Robertson's (of the Tavistock Clinic) film A Two Year Old Goes to 
Hospital, will not feel there is anything left to argue about. What remains 
is for the Hospital Management Committees to assure themselves that 
the needs of the child come before convenience of administration. 
Another failure in hospital administration is shown in the totally unnecessary 
fear and loneliness suffered by mothers in labour whose need 
is for comfort and companionship which an overworked professional 
staff are too busy to give. Here, as with children in hospital, the 
community can help if allowed to do so. A panel of calm and sympathetic 
women could be called upon, where the husband was not available, 
to help pass the tedious hours of waiting. No mother should be left 
alone with a bell she fears to ring. 

Housing 

In the housing field perhaps one of the most immediate needs is 
the re-creation of all age communities. Many Councils are now building 
for the elderly, but great damage has been done to family security 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

by the upheavals, some unavoidable, of the post-war phase. This disruption 
of neighbourhoods and communities must take time to re-build, 
but re-building will be greatly hampered where the grandparent generation 
have been 'left-behind' and the young parents moved away. New 
Town neurosis, in which young couples need baby sitters and there 
is no one to baby sit, is reflected in the loneliness of elderly people 
living for the weekly visit. A problem more critical st-ill has arisen 
on the older housing estates where the inter-war babies have now 
become young married couples themselves seeking a home near their 
parents, and yet again being obliged to move elsewhere. So the cycle of 
disruption continues. 

It is now generally accepted that the three generation family with 
grandparents and parents in a mutually supportive role is a more 
natural, more healthy and above all more viable group than the only 
too common two generation unit, with parents and children living in 
an isolation which is often anxiety ridden. Housing policies in the last 
twenty-five years have frequently lost sight of grandparents as an 
integral part of successful family living. The secret here is the grandparent 
as neighbour rather than eo-resident. Policies of housing and 
re-development which disperse united families cause lonely and prematurely 
aged and institutionalised old people, with their counterpart 
in lonely, overworked and bewildered young mothers. The re-discovery 
of the grandparent pre-supposes, however, not only new policies in 
housing planning and management, but new thinking and new attitudes 
in professional workers who help families in a wide range of different 
capacities. Grandmothers sometimes detect an echo of amused patronage 
towards themselves in the approach of some doctors, teachers or nurses 
who are coping with their grandchildren. Granny is not a tired music 
hall joke, but a skilled and essential part of the young family's life. 

Some local Housing Authorities are now building one-bedroomed fiats 
as an integral part of their estate developments. In this way older 
couples whose families have grown up will avoid the unhappy choice of 
remaining in an over-large home (and thus depriving younger families 
in urgent housing need), or moving away from their friends and familiar 
neighbourhood. This cruel alternative is one a Labour Authority should 
never impose. Small fiats not only promote family unity, but avoid 
under-occupation of precious council accommodation. 

Education 

In the education service the spotlight of failure is on the unmet needs 
of a small but significant minority of children. The evil of the overlarge 
class is commonly thought of in terms of teaching difficulties. The child's 
need for an adequate share in the time, interest and attention of the 
teacher is frequently forgotten. Children from adequate homes and with 
average ability can usually get by, even when sharing 1I40th of a 
teacher's time. But when one, or both of these flJctors are missing the 
signal flashes red for danger. Children who fall behind in reading do 
so for a variety of causes. But the effect is fairly common. Here is the 
seed bed of anti-social attitudes, and sometimes of delinquency. Just 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

as. nothing succeeds like suc~ess, ~o nothing fails like failure, especially 
fatlure amongst contemporanes wtth all the cruelty and competition of 
childhood. 

Attempts to meet this need vary with Local Education Authorities. 
Some provide virtually no special help, others a network of remedial 
and tutorial classes. Nevertheless there remains a group of children 
whose home or school experience has been so damaging that they have 
virtually withdrawn from any form of group activity. Their basic 
pre-requisite of any willingness or capacity to read is the formation of 
a relationship with one constant and friendly adult. The setting in which 
a teacher's undivided time and attention can be the child's for at least 
a period, should be in the teacher's own home. Experience has shown 
that children who associate school buildings with failure, will return to 
school after this learning experience outside school, full of confidence 
and co-operation. 

The existence of growing numbers of trained married women teachers 
(housebound by family responsibilities, and exceeding in numbers those 
teachers actually in the schools) gives an opportunity to do this 
individual work with individual children. Here is a way in which the 
community can take some responsibility for social problems outside 
the institutional setting. The reluctance of official education circles to 
accept such a scheme, on an experimental basis, is a comment on our 
dedication to institutions rather than homes, and to children as pupils 
rather than persons. This failure is also reflected in official insistence 
on full time attendance in Infant Schools, and the lack of enthusiasm for 
the double shift Nursery School or Nursery Class. The needs of mothers 
for part time teaching work could be met in such schemes, as could 
their young children's need not to be forced into the alternatives of 
no school or the exhausting experience of all-day school -even for 
those aged five to seven. 

The essential element of such a scheme for infants should be its 
voluntary character. Where a mother is in full time work, or where 
living conditions are cramped and brothers and sisters non-existent 
clearly a well run Infant Class room provides the best environme':lt. 
Where, however, the mother is taking younger members of the family 
out to play in the park, it is only common sense to allow the. very 
young school child to be free in the afternoon, rather than for htm to 
increase the numbers in an already overcrowded classroom. 

Recognising as . we do the precious skills of the teacher surely the 
time has now come for the profession to accept the help in non-teachin.gmatters, of auxiliary helpers with training. If a doctor would not use ~Is 
skills and time in preparing treatments, nor a ward sister in servmg 
meals, nor a barrister in typing out his brief, a teacher s~ould not h~ve 
to undertake cloakroom and dinner duties. The collectmg of penrues, 
tying of shoe laces and soothing of grazed knees are all important jobs 
affecting the children, but not ones which require a three year teacher 
training. Three advantages would follow from such a scheme. First the 
individual child would get a little more share of an adult's time, interest 
and attention. Secondly teachers would be released to undertake the 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

vitally skilled tasks for which they were trained. Finally in the years 
of desperate women teacher shortage which lie ahead some auxiliary 
helpers might feel inspired to take the full teacher training, if their 
age and qualifications permitted, and so another source of supply could 
be tapped. The Primary School world awaits with interest the report 
of the Central Advisory Council for Education now being prepared 
under the Chairmanship of Lady Plowden. There is urgent need for a 
fresh and flexible look. There are those who believe they will not be 
disappointed. 

Welfare 

The Local Authority world recognises Welfare as caring for the 
elderly, the unmarried mother and her baby, and the homeless. In all 
three spheres on the measuring rod of protecting and strengthening the 
family, there tends to be failure. Homelessness is a growing problem in 
large urban areas, but even semi-rural counties like Kent are beginning 
to feel the backwash of population pressures in the South East of 
England. A recent report said the numbers of children in public care 
in Kent because of homelessness had increased by 100 per cent during 
1963. Whereas in the L.C.C. area the number of children in care because 
of homelessness fell (as a result of the Council's Family Reception 
Policy) from 1100 to 700 in the last 18 months. It is not often realised 
that many Local Authorities consider homelessness as a form of social 
failure and visit the 'sins' of the parents on the children by immediately 
taking the children into care and forcing the parents to fend for themselves. 
Other Welfare Authorities accept mothers and children for a 
limited period, requiring the father to make separate arrangements. Only 
one local authority-the L.C.C. -has opened Family ReceptionCentres for the homeless. All the evidence of prevention of suffering, 
care of children, avoidance of family disintegration and even payment 
of charges, have shown this is a wise as well as a humane policy. 
It is a frightening thought that outside London many united families, 
homeless through economic circumstances beyond their control, are 
still being torn apart by so-called Welfare departments operating a 
Poor Law administration. 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

3. Two Children's Acts 
I
I
T IS in the history of the Children's Service over the last twenty 
years that this story is most vividly told. The realisation that causes 
rather than symptoms are important in family trouble, that homes rather 
than Homes are essential, that good child care must be good family care 
is burnt on the mind in a study of the years 1948-65. 
The outburst of public feeling following the death of a foster child 
in 1945 is still remembered. A growing realisation that all was not 
well with the care of children living away from their own homes, for 
whom duplication of responsibility resulted in absence of responsibility, 
led to the appointment of the Curtis Committee. Despite protests, its 
terms of reference were limited to 'the care of the child deprived of a 
normal home life'. Two great advantages followed on this report and its 
resultant 1948 Children's Act. As a result of concentrating responsibility 
in one Local Authority Department, instead of spreading it over 
the Health, Education and Welfare Departments, the care of children 
actually in care improved dramatically. For many local Children's 
Authorities the fifties saw a steady improvement in the physical conditions 
of Children's Homes and those more go-ahead an improvement 
in the training and recruitment of staff. Above all this phase was 
marked by the earnest attempt to cut down the large single sex groupings 
of children and substitute them for small mixed all age (including a 
baby) substitute family groups. Improvements in boarding out and 
adoption were other features of child-care after this Act. 
But the root causes of child deprivation -family disintegration remained 
untouched. From 1948 onwards the actual numbers of children 
in public care, the applications for their reception into care, the numbers 
sent by the Juvenile Courts to the Local Authority on Fit Persons 
Orders (both offenders and non-offenders) all increased steadily. By the 
middle of the 1950's a tragic pattern was emerging, and one which 
has continued until the present time. 
The number of children in care, in England and Wales, in 1964 was 
the highest recorded since November 1953. The 64,807 children in care 
represented a rise of over 2,000 since 1961. 
Roughly ninety seven per cent of the childr~n h~d l!ving p~rent.s.
The small minority of real orphans, whose Vtctonan tmage ts ~ttll 
so often printed on the public mind, were the easy cases to deal wtth. 
Their future in adoption or long term fostering was secure. The real 
core of the child care problem today lies in the child whose pare_ntsare temporarily, or more rarely permanently, unable to care for him. 

The Position Now 

The most serious indictment of our present Social Service set uplies in the failure to help those parents with their problems at a much 
earlier stage. The steady and alarming rise in requests to the Local 



8 THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

Authority to take children into care is a reflection of failure. Between 
1961 and 1963 there was a rise of nearly 9,000 in these applications, 
which stood in March of last year at 102,601 for the previous twelve 
months. The real danger signal in these figures lies in the fact that 
these applications have been rising at a rate which is nearly four times 
as fast (8.3 per cent), as the rate at which the child population has 
been rising (2.6 per cent), over the last two years. Admittedly the 
great majority of these requests come from parents who are temporarily 
ill (particularly confinement cases). Children in care for these reasons 
usually only stay a short time, but the question is being increasingly 
asked as to whether the removal from home of 24,837 young children 
in 1962/63 for this reason alone was really the best form of help to 
offer. 

Other reasons, however, for children coming into care reflect family 
difficulties of a far more long term and intractable nature. In the country 
as a whole the number of children committed to the care of the 
Local Authority by the Juvenile Courts under Fit Persons Orders, has 
risen steadily over recent years; the numbers of children committed 
because of unsatisfactory home conditions (i.e. the non-offenders)
remaining at three times those committed for an actual offence against 
the law (i.e. the offenders). Many experienced Juvenile Court Magistratesfind this an increasingly artificial distinction, most particularly in 
truancy cases where the child's behaviour is almost always a direct 
reflection of his family problems. Nevertheless growing public anxiety 
is felt at the steady rise in the number of children who come to the 
Courts on indictable offences. In London the 1957 figure of 7,000 
appearances had reached 12,000 by 1963. Also twice as many boys and 
three times as many girls, between 14 and 18, appeared in court as 
before the war. This is a rate of rise far in excess of the rate of growth 
of the child population, and one which reflects family problems unrecognised 
and undealt with. 

The lngleby Committee 

In 1956, after continued pressure, the Departmental Committee of 
Enquiry under Lord Ingleby's chairmanship was appointed. Its terms 
of reference asked for recommendations on the prevention of child 
neglect and family breakdown. These were the very terms for which, 
ten years before, the Curtis Committee had begged in vain. After four 
long years (a period four times as long as the Beveridge enquiry, and 
three times as long as the Curtis Committee) the Ingleby Report 
was at last forthcoming. And how bitterly disappointed were those who 
sought to find in it the outline of a new statutory Family Service. 
Nowhere, in Barbara Wootton's inimitable words, 'did the image of 
a real live child shine through its chilly legalistic pages'. ~ 

1963 Children's Act 

It was however, from this arid soil that grew the sturdy sapling which 
resulted in the 1963 Children's Act. Many will recognise Section I in 
particular as reflecting the evidence which the Fabian Society, the 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

London County Council, the Council for Children's Welfare and the 
Fisher Group submitted to the Ingleby Committee. This evidence begged 
for Statutory powers for Local Children's Authorities to help families 
in cash and in kind, as well as with a scheme of personal advice and 
help. This principle of prevention being better than cure was acceptewin the words of the Act: 'It shall be the duty of every local authority 
to make available such advice, guidance and assistance as may promote 
the welfare of children by diminishing the need to receive children int · 
and keep them in care under the Children's Act 1948, or to bring the 
before a Juvenile Court'. The heart of the matter lies in the words 
'advise, guide and assist'. Some Local Children's Authorities are already 
getting ahead with use of these new powers. In one area of London 
upwards of 42 families, involving 168 children have been considered 
for help since the new Children's Act became law in October 1963. 
Of these 8 families involving 27 children have been prevented from 
coming into care. In 20 families involving 95 children the need for 
reception had been diminished; and 36 children (already in care) had 
been reunited with their families as a result of the new powers to 
help in cash and kind. In one case two children were prevented coming 
into care when the mother's earnings stopped on her going into hospital. 
The Council were able to pay a housekeeper and thus keep the home 
together. In another case a grandmother (on paid holiday for her 
daughter's confinement) was faced with enforced return to work in 
Ireland or loss of income. When the daughter's delayed confinement 
eventually took place the L.C.C. Children's Department was able to 
make good the Grandmother's lost wages and for £4.10.0 a week two 
babies were prevented from being taken into care. In another case 
3 children were cared for in their own home (their mother in hospital 
for confinement and father on shift work) by an aunt on unpaid leave 
from work in return for payment of her rent by the L.C.C. 

A Preventive Service 

Apart from all the recognised arguments about mental health and 
human happiness, the saving to the public purse of these arrangements 
has been quite dramatic. Had say 150 of these children, whose families 
had problems, been taken into care, the cost would have been in the 
order of £1,050 a week-over a period of six months £25,000 could 
well have been spent. In actual fact the costs of helping these children to 
remain at home was one-tenth of that amount. For once in publicaffairs the better policy is the cheaper policy. 

It remains to be seen how Children's Departments will interpret their 
new powers. Some will clearly be more go-ahead than others. It is 
to be hoped that the Voluntary Societies will work in co-operation with, 
but not in substitute for the statutory services. Their traditional role 
of pioneering is needed more than ever today. The phrase 'advise' in the 
new Act gives authorities a chance to experiment with Family Advice 
Centres. The door on which to knock-a known door and a friendly 
door-could be the key to real preventive work. Here could be b<;>rnthe concept of families taking responsibility for their own well-bemg 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

by seeking help and advice at an early stage, rather than waiting at 
home for problems, and social workers, finally to overwhelm them. 
The pre-requisites of a Family Advice Centre are availability (pram 
pushing distance), a friendly reception by qualified staff and a cheerful 
domestic setting. The white tiled public lavatory decor of too manylocal authority offices is not conducive to confidential comfort. A 
further development could be an appointments system for meetingexperts in a variety of fields such as Education psychologists, Probation 
Officers and Marriage Guidance Counsellors. 

Financial Aid 

It is sometimes forgotten that the Beveridge concept of subsistence 
for all (a minimal enough principle in itself) has not in fact been 
fulfilled. Half those in employment today earn less than £10 a week. 
There are 2! million people on National Assistance. In fact the voiceless 
minority of the poor in an affluent society suffer as much if not more 
than in former times as their sense of deprivation, is more keenly,
if less recognisably felt. As the average standard of income and amenity 
rises so the gap widens for those outside the escalator of advancement. 
It is recognised that poverty presses hardest both absolutely and relatively 
on families with children. Of school children having school meals, 
7 per cent have free dinners. This means their families are on the subsistence 
level. But more acute still is the poverty of those families 
without a male breadwinner. A quarter million such families are on 
National Assistance. Observation of homeless families suggests that 
they have only been able to meet rents, which often demand 50 percent of their means, by cutting down on food. The mothers in particular 
suffer in these circumstances. One family arriving in a centre for the 
homeless revealed that they uever ate on Thursdays. Funds simply 
ran out. 

Apart from the urgent need to raise Family Allowances and include 
the first child, Margaret Wynn's suggestion of a fatherless child 
allowance paid to the mother should be adopted. This allowance would 
concentrate on the child's need rather than on how his father disappeared 
-by death, desertion, divorce or failure to marry the mother. 
Much humiliation and distress would be avoided if this allowance 
(related to current fostering rates) was paid through the Post Office. 
The judiciary should enforce the father's obligations by some method 
other than through the suffering of the mother. 

The need for sheer hard cash in the solution of family problems is 
sometimes overlooked in an excessive concentration on what are 
described as 'problems of relationship'. The filling of an empty purse can 
greatly improve family relations. 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

4. A Family Service 
T
T
HE time has come for a new look at the possibility of a FamilyService both at Central Government and at Local Authority level. 
Although many arguments are heard against the creation of yet another 
Government Department, the matters to' be dealt with are so crucial 
for the well being of society that a case can be made for such a 
Department. This Family Department could consist of the existingChildren's Service extracted from the Home Office, domiciliary and 
environmental services for the under fives (other than medical care) 
the care of the unmarried mother and her child, and the immediate 
reception of homeless families now with the Ministry of Health. Ultimately 
the Ministry of National Insurance functions in relation to 
Family Allowances, and widows pensions should be incorporated and 
there should be new and special machinery for linking the National 
Assistance Board with the new Department. Finally the Family Department 
should take responsibility for all training of social workers other 
than that done in Universities. It would be hoped that high up in the 
administrative hierarchy of the new Ministry would be professionalsocial workers, whose status would be recognised in the same way as 
are Medical Officers in the Ministry of Health. 

An Immediate Remedy 

Should it not be possible to create a new Government Department, 
a temporary solution could be found in the expansion of the present 
Children's Department of the Home Office. This would include those 
functions already mentioned, except the M.N.I. work. One advantage 
of expanding the present Children's Department would be the enhanced 
status given to the civil servant in charge of the work who now ranks 
as an Assistant Secretary. Many feel that both in rank and in the 
traditionally short length of his term of office the acute social problems 
in this field gain insufficient recognition. 

At Local Authority level the Family Service would be represented 
by a Family Committee and Department. Their functions would include 
those of the present Children's Department and the projected Family 
Advice Centres, environmental and domiciliary care of under fives 
including Day Nurseries, Child Minders and home helps. From the 
Welfare Department would come care for the unmarried mother and 
her child and the immediate reception of homeless families. 

The Labour Government will find a blue print for establishing a 
Family Service in the constructive and imaginative report of the Longford 
Committee. Its bleak title Crime -a challenge to us all conceals 
abundant material for a Home Secretary seeking to legislate for a 
genuine preventive service of comprehensive help for the family. . 

A forerunner of this comprehensive service may well be the growmg 


THE FAMILY AND THE SOCIAL SERVICES 

realisation that specialised services should be run on a regional basis, 
while day to day needs can best be met on a local basis. It is this 
concept of regional services such as the training of staff, Approved 
Schools and Remand Homes, and research work running in support of 
local Children's Services, which many feel will be the pattern for the 
future development of the Social Services. It is to be hoped that such 
specialised services as Mental Health, care of the Homeless and Further 
Education may come to be included in this regional concept. The 
effective provision of such services can only strengthen, and in no wayweaken, the local services run by Local Councils. 



HEHBEBSHIP 
of the Fabian Society 


is open to all who are eligible for individual 
membership of the Labour Party. Other radicals 
and reformers sympathetic towards the aims of 
the Society may become Associates. Please write 
for further particulars to the General Secretary. 
11 Dartmouth Street, London, S.W.l 
(WHitehall 3077) 



Recent Fabian Publications 


Research Pamphlets 

235 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: SWEDEN SHOWS THE WAY 3I-
Jack Cooper 
236 THE HEALTH OF THE NATION: The Second Stage of the N.H.S. 3/6 
Laurie Pavirtt 
237 NEW LOOK AT COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS 2/Michael 
Armstrong and Michael Young 
238 THE CoMPANY AND THE CoMMUNITY 3I-
Paul Derrick 
239 BUILDING FOR A NEW SOCIETY 4/Harry 
Brack 
240 MASSACRE IN RWANDA 3/Aaron 
Segal241 BRAZIL: THE DILEMMA OF REFORM 3/6

-----' 

Edmund Dell 
242 THE DEMOCRATIC FIRM 3/6 
Norman Ross 
243 THE STRANGER AT THE GATE 2/6 
Cedric Thornberry 
244 CHANGE IN THE TRADE UNIONS 3/6John Hughes 
245 THE CO-OPERATIVES AT THE CROSSROADS 4/Sidney 
Pollard 
246 AUSTRALIAN LABOUR AND THE WORLD 31James 
Jupp 

Tracts 
349 THE MEANING OF WORK 2/-
Lis! Klein 
350 AN INCOMES POLICY FOR LABOUR 31Michael 
Stewart and Rex Winsbury 
351 SociALISTs AND MANAGERS 3/A 
Fabian Group 
352 A . LABOUR BRITAIN AND THE WORLD 1/6Denis Healey 
353 FREEDOM IN THE WELFARE STATE l/6Brian Abel-Smith 
354 BOMBS AND VOTES 2/Wayland 
Young 
355 THE ADMINISTRATORS 4/A 
Fabian Group 
356 NEW PATTERNS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2/6A Fabian Group 
357 BRITAIN IN NATO l/6Neville Brown 
358 TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL INEQUALITY 2/6Sidney Wells 

cMe David Neil & Company, Dorking, Surrey.